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Case hardening is a heat treatment process that is used to increase the surface hardness and wear resistance of low carbon steel by adding a thin layer of a harder alloy to the surface of the steel. Case hardening steel typically has a carbon content of less than 0.25%.

Case hardening steel is often used in applications where the surface of the part needs to be wear-resistant while maintaining toughness and ductility in the core. Examples of applications where case hardening steel is used include gears, cams, shafts, and other machine components.

There are several methods of case hardening steel, including carburizing, nitriding, and carbonitriding. In carburizing, the steel is heated in a carbon-rich environment to allow carbon atoms to diffuse into the surface of the steel. In nitriding, the steel is heated in a nitrogen-rich environment to form a hard nitride layer on the surface of the steel. In carbonitriding, a combination of carbon and nitrogen is used to create a hard surface layer.